For the first time since 2012, Mr Assad is on his own. It took his forces four years to capture Aleppo – it may take the rebels just days to take it back. Broaden your horizons with award-winning British journalism. Try The Telegraph free for 3 months with unlimited access to our award-winning website, exclusive app, money-saving offers and more.

A rebel commander said a fall in Iran-backed manpower created an opening this week's assault. Iran's ally Hezbollah has suffered big losses to Israel.

The 13-year civil war in Syria has roared back into prominence with a surprise rebel offensive on one of Syria's largest cities and ancient business hub.